It will identify any patterns that require further investigation. The two broad approaches of data collection include qualitative and quantitative research methods. Download PDF . tive research—research that traditionally does not include numbers and statistical figures, or “count” data. qualitative data, qualitative data (interviews, open-ended surveys, student artifacts, journals, etc.) Examining Relationships and Displaying Data Authenticating Conclusions. The documentation and analysis process aimed to present data in an intelligible and interpretable form in order to identify trends and relations in accordance with the research aims (cf. Sort your data by one group (think about which is most logical). 2) Sample size calculation for small samples, e.g. 0000001032 00000 n This paper is made by different writers collections. This manual serves as a reference to supplement existing works in qualitative research design and fieldwork. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 5 0 obj It is a process of summarizing and re-presenting data in order to provide a systematic account of the recorded or observed phenomenon. In other words, although you may have some ideas about your topic, you are also looking for ideas, concepts and attitudes often from experts or practitioners in the field. The problem:! Coding! Show page numbers . Numeric coding is shared by all statistical software and among others, it facilitates data conversion and measurement comparisons. Show page numbers . Strauss/Corbin 1990! In qualitative research, coding is “how you define what the data you are analysing are about” (Gibbs, 2007). e.g. 6 0 obj Numeric coding is shared by all statistical software and among others, it facilitates data conversion and measurement comparisons. Ethnography Netnography. The transcripts were read several times to identify themes and categories. Authored by Alyona Medelyan, PhD – Natural Language Processing & Machine Learning. Data Reduction…But how do I do this???? For newcomers to qualitative inquiry it presents a repertoire of coding methods in broad brushstrokes. Coding of data refers to the process of transforming collected information or observations to a set of meaningful, cohesive categories. How many hours have you spent sitting in front of Excel spreadsheets trying to … endobj If your research questions involve identifying patterns, you won’t need to do a quantitative analysis of the data… In some cases, qualitative content . 0000003197 00000 n Researchers rely on gathering information either by sending or administering testing instruments to participants. <> Conducting quantitative content analysis involves designing the content analysis, defining units, sampling, recording and coding, and data language (86; figure 4.2). By summarizing, analyzing, and presenting data, planners create stories and narratives that explain various planning issues. Glaser & Strauss 1967 “The Discovery of Grounded Theory”! trailer << /Size 73 /Info 57 0 R /Encrypt 64 0 R /Root 63 0 R /Prev 143674 /ID[<7c5febf7ee791e3f3560e6d61ec39831><7c5febf7ee791e3f3560e6d61ec39831>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 63 0 obj << /Pages 61 0 R /Type /Catalog >> endobj 64 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O (�3���.`����J*fF*�[[%q�P6Wt��) /U (���+��U�4�|�O�u���߭�.��t) /P 65476 >> endobj 71 0 obj << /S 182 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 72 0 R >> stream Alternatives in Qualitative Data Analysis . Quantitative coding is the process of categorising the collected non-numerical information into groups and assigning the numerical codes to these groups. 0 Although different, they can be complementary of one another i.e., in mixed methods 2 endobj endstream Even quantitative research uses qualitative data, and the definition there often follows the definition given in statistics for qualitative data: data collected about a categorical variable is qualitative. endobj <> In qualitative research, you are either exploring the application of a theory or model in a different context or are hoping for a theory or a model to emerge from the data. Download PDF . Narrative data Text or narrative data come in many forms and from a variety of sources. B���ЂI?=�DcC"S�=��wVVRɒ�6��]����gg&���j2�~�^_��l Coding Qualitative Data: How to Code Qualitative Research (Updated 2020) AI & NLP Feedback Analysis. quantitative content analysis is deductive, intended to test hypotheses or address questions generated from theories or previous empirical research. No one, including myself, can claim final authority on the “best” way to code qualitative data. 2 Codes are often developed in terms of main categories and subsidiary ones. It should be clear though that for any data, the importance of interpretation and the analysis of the data are crucial. How should I analyze my qualitative data? 1. Documentation Conceptualization, Coding, and Categorizing. Finally, what is gained and lost with each approach is presented. Quantitative data entail numerical information that results, for example, from the collection of data from a standardized interview. Coding is a particular step in analysing data, when the raw materials are converted into a more organised format that is easier for the researcher to inspect and understand. Following the steps in this outline and reading chapter 5 in the Living the Questions book (Hubbard & Power, 1999) will help you do that. The purpose of this tool is to provide an overview of what health education and promotion specialists need to know—mainly, what qualitative health research is and how to conduct it. Particular research questions . An important step in conducting quantitative research involves the coding of data into a matrix of numbers which can be manipulated for analysis. <> I just edited it. 0000000639 00000 n Background to Coding. Choosing between qualitative vs. quantitative research can be challenging, especially if you do not know their differences. Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis. endobj International Journal of Education ISSN 1948-5476 2010, Vol. <> Coding is one of the significant steps taken during analysis to organize and make sense of textual data. In the case of ‘closed’ questions, coding simply involves assigning a numerical value to each response (e.g. research genre or methodology.Throughout this book you’ll read a breadth of perspectives on codes and coding, sometimes purposely juxtaposed to illustrate and highlight the diverse opinions among scholars in the field. {;���9�ʘ��#(������^�Ke�Q&�u��݆��X��4DS�� M��%�7���� Ihi�@�,.p�܂;P��[�j�m.D�x(֫G���͍[zTs�7�j���!���+sΧ)�}���Xazs�N�S$�o��1�;0��&�p��9u嘅�X�\J���*y. Qualitative Research Methods: Coding Exercise Intial descriptive coding This is what intial coding may look like. In qualitative research, you are either exploring the application of a theory or model in a different context or are hoping for a theory or a model to emerge from the data. It is a process of summarizing and re-presenting data in order to provide a systematic account of the recorded or observed phenomenon. Data coding is not an easy job and the person or persons involved in data coding must have knowledge and experience of it. Assign Codes to the Data: For qualitative survey analysis, create codes, and add to your system. endobj ��E$ɶ�fI%�>�0�c����vA˔a�ٝ�=n�Ś*���#oc�6uς�����Ց|�qGޖpT�@�,7Z� N�0dpT���Ωўl*�m��hʨ���9ٔ.��ʿ�7���YV>Xv6����EЙ':�#���ZV0�t�?UD�l���`YRKҪx��I�9Q);���d*jkvr��v��� ���q�כ�%�I�Ä�"eF'/�pr �lqLŒ٨-� ��6s��[&�)$Y����]F��Y���Ԣg�~=W�����-�����!� qualitative research, e.g. This paper will help any students to make a Assignment on data editing and coding in quantitative and qualitative research. By contrast, qualitative content analysis is mainly inductive, grounding the examination of topics and themes, as well as the inferences drawn from them, in the data. 0000000780 00000 n Coding relates to breaking the data into manageable bits and organising it by themes, so it is readily accessible for interpretation (Leitch et al., 2010;Linneberg & Korsgaard, 2019). This is necessary for any type of large-scale analysis because you 1) need to have a consistent way to compare and contrast each piece of qualitative data, and 2) will be able to use tools like Excel and Google Sheets to manipulate quantitative data. research genre or methodology.Throughout this book you’ll read a breadth of perspectives on codes and coding, sometimes purposely juxtaposed to illustrate and highlight the diverse opinions among scholars in the field. 0000002621 00000 n %���� 62 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 65 /H [ 780 273 ] /L 145042 /E 3449 /N 16 /T 143684 >> endobj xref 62 11 0000000016 00000 n tions of research reports, illustrate data analysis strategies that have used a general inductive approach: 238 American Journal of Evaluation / June 2006. for exit interviews, is facilitated with the use of standard quantitative … Coding qualitative data can be a daunting task, especially for the first timer. This data needs to be refined and organized to evaluate and draw conclusions. As a starting point, the researcher should design the analysis based on existing theoretical frameworks and experiences relevant to the research question. Coding is an important step in qualitative data analysis, as you can derive theories from relevant research findings. 1 Quantitative research can amount to a quick fix, involving little or no contact with people or the field. Usually, coding strategies are handed over from one researcher generation to the next orally as an instituteʼs tradition.” ! As an independent analytical method! As Part of a Grounded Theory approach! <>>> The purpose of coding qualitative data is to take an overwhelmingly large amount of words or artifacts and organize them into manageable chunks. Table 8.1 therefore shows the data of four cases, here the respondents 1–4. Data analysis is the most difficult and most crucial aspect of qualitative research. Designing . In this chapter, the captured data from the qualitative and quantitative research is presented, analysed, described and interpreted in a systematic manner as the next step of the research process. <> Qualitative researchers become skilled at coding and pattern seeking using analytic induction. Coding in qualitative research also helps the researcher retrieve a similar piece of information that he/ she came across earlier in the huge amount of data collected in the research. !-Miles & Huberman 1994, ! Different approaches to theory! �q!�R�/�����8j�+Rר���,� `'�W���D���>2%�|���wl&�����M��\\��u! Introduction 0 Two main traditions 1 in research: Quantitative and Qualitative 0 Quantitative research = inferential research 0 Qualitative research = interpretive research 0 Both different in terms of goals, applications, sampling procedures, types of data, data analysis, etc. 9 0 obj 8 0 obj It will identify any patterns that require further investigation. In quantitative analysis, this usually involves giving numerical values to answers so that they can be statistically processed on a computer. It should be clear though that for any data, the importance of interpretation and the analysis of the data are crucial. tive research—research that traditionally does not include numbers and statistical figures, or “count” data. 3 0 obj An important step in conducting quantitative research involves the coding of data into a matrix of numbers which can be manipulated for analysis. 10 0 obj The method for coding data is dependent upon: (a) the type of analysis to be used to analyze the data, (b) the type of data, and (c) the requirements of the statistical program to be used for the analysis. In quantitative research, data can be collected from many participants at many research sites. Here I have described the contents of the answers in red pen, then added some notes in a different colour, often these notes are referred to as memos.I think it is important to keep these distinct . Data coding in research methodology is a preliminary step to analyzing data. Identification and Processing of relevant information! “The qualitative methods literature still lacks a systematic explication, presentation and discussion of coding technologies. tion in qualitative research and a range of data can be collected including field notes, audio and video record-ings, images or documents. The purpose of this tool is to provide an overview of what health education and promotion specialists need to know—mainly, what qualitative health research … readingcraze.com/index.php/data-coding-research-methodology Interview data: i. Coding is a process of identifying a passage in the text or other data items (photograph, image), searching and identifying concepts and finding relations between them. Prepare Your Data a. to assess concept saturation. can also be investigated quantitatively. 4 0 obj 2 Statistical correlations may be based upon ‘variables’ that, in the context of naturally-occurring interaction, are arbitrarily defined. - Patton 1990! Coding is one of the significant steps taken during analysis to organize and make sense of textual data. ?�%"*"�� ���2M�]@�&���J�z�&� �Χ -+ճ"c��j���Q���Td�*O�. 2. Coding! approach during the coding and data analysis phase of qualitative empirical research. In qualitative research, coding is “how you define what the data you are analysing are about” (Gibbs, 2007). ����8W��g��=����Xo���`x��k���M�� ��|C��S�0��0��O��g�sZ�{��y;y�B.��y{�p�� * endstream endobj 72 0 obj 167 endobj 65 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 58 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 66 0 R >> /ProcSet 70 0 R >> /Contents 68 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F0 /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 250 330 400 500 500 830 770 170 330 330 500 560 250 330 250 280 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 280 280 560 560 560 460 920 720 660 670 720 610 550 720 720 310 400 720 590 890 720 720 560 720 670 560 610 720 720 950 720 720 600 340 260 340 470 500 320 440 500 440 500 440 330 490 500 280 280 500 280 780 500 500 500 500 330 390 280 500 500 720 510 470 450 480 180 480 540 780 560 780 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 780 560 780 780 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 780 560 560 250 330 500 500 500 500 180 500 350 760 280 460 560 330 760 500 400 550 300 300 320 580 450 250 290 300 310 460 750 750 750 450 720 720 720 720 720 720 860 670 610 610 610 610 310 310 310 310 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 560 720 720 720 720 720 720 560 500 440 440 440 440 440 440 670 440 440 440 440 440 280 280 280 280 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 550 500 500 500 500 500 470 490 470 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 67 0 R >> endobj 67 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /TimesNewRoman /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -250 -216 1140 1040 ] /MissingWidth 340 /StemV 73 /StemH 73 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 891 /XHeight 446 /Ascent 891 /Descent -216 /Leading 149 /MaxWidth 950 /AvgWidth 401 >> endobj 68 0 obj << /Length 69 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream Qualitative researchers usually work with text when analysing data; data can be transcribed in entirety or focus on selected sections. endobj par. Even quantitative research uses qualitative data, and the definition there often follows the definition given in statistics for qualitative data: data collected about a categorical variable is qualitative. In qualitative research, the words and images of a few participants . %PDF-1.2 %���� Note the range of the group you sorted by (for example “No” is from A2:A56 and “Yes” is from A57:A98) Steps! Data Analysis. The data that is obtained from surveys, experiments or secondary sources are in raw form. Glaser 1978, 1992! In quantitative analysis, this usually involves giving numerical values to answers so that they can be statistically processed on a computer. A Quick Guide To Qualitative Coding. What is a code? 0000000584 00000 n ...Inparticular, all the transcripts were read by AJ and a subsample was read by JO. Data analysis is the most difficult and most crucial aspect of qualitative research. In a quantitative data matrix, each row corresponds to a case, namely, an interview with a respondent. The columns of the matrix are formed by the variables. Coding the data helps the researchers identify themes, patterns and categories. Quantitative coding is the process of categorising the collected non-numerical information into groups and assigning the numerical codes to these groups. Codes are the smallest unit of text that conveys the same meaning (for the purpose of your research). This allows for more effective data entry and analysis. Remember select all data, then go to “Data”, “Sort” pick the column, and “Ok” 2. In the social sciences, coding is an analytical process in which data, in both quantitative form (such as questionnaires results) or qualitative form (such as interview transcripts) are categorized to facilitate analysis.. One purpose of coding is to transform the data into a form suitable for computer-aided analysis. Coding is a particular step in analysing data, when the raw materials are converted into a more organised format that is easier for the researcher to inspect and understand. Coding of data refers to the process of transforming collected information or observations to a set of meaningful, cohesive categories. Getting insight from such complicated information is a complicated process. In this article, I first offer an overview of recent empirical research done by practical theologians and postgraduate students at the NWU. Introduction 0 Two main traditions 1 in research: Quantitative and Qualitative 0 Quantitative research = inferential research 0 Qualitative research = interpretive research 0 Both different in terms of goals, applications, sampling procedures, types of data, data analysis, etc. 0000003218 00000 n o Descriptive Coding: is a straightforward coding method used to assign basic, descriptive labels to data to provide an inventory of their topics. Text contains raw data and irrelevant information! Quantitative Data G3658-6 in this series. %PDF-1.5 Competence in qualitative 0 Although different, they can be complementary of one another i.e., in mixed methods 2 the research, and data/data analysis are examined. Let’s define it: Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) involves the process and procedures for analyzing data and providing some level of understanding, explanation, and interpretation of patterns and themes in textual data. par. Just to recall that qualitative data is data that can’t be expressed as a number. i� C��(�0�6�$3vfJ��HN��I�n��s�s��)\]�����k� �Op��s�BpFpЊC�����n������VC��� �r����"n� ����O�R��1D��[�e�ѝ��M���riT� gFK��>(��c��k0.+G@cJ�C�M �#�?$��P�#��5 �zG�Ck����_��o�aП ��9[�?�2}�.�vV����q�k_30�'��U�Mi5��( There are, however, some useful ideas in the grounded theory approach to coding which are more broadly applicable in qualitative research such as coding is the “conceptual abstraction of data” (Holton, 2011, p. 265). Coding in qualitative research also helps the researcher retrieve a similar piece of information that he/ she came across earlier in the huge amount of data collected in the research. Hence it is typically used for exploratory research and data analysis. Data is usually collected through the use of numbers which can be statistically analyzed. In this chapter, the captured data from the qualitative and quantitative research is presented, analysed, described and interpreted in a systematic manner as the next step of the research process. process. Making sense of data in the form of graphics, video, audio, and text requires clear thinking that is aided by theory, models, constructs, and perhaps metaphor. In most planning practice and research, planners work with quantitative data. What is qualitative data analysis? Infographic in PDF. Qualitative Compared With Quantitative . Codes can be a … You might have brief responses to open-ended questions on a survey, the transcript from an interview or focus group, notes from a log or diary, field notes, or the text of a published report. Data analysis and qualitative data research work a little differently from the numerical data as the quality data is made up of words, descriptions, images, objects, and sometimes symbols. 0000002343 00000 n <> Coding All survey responses need to be ‘coded’, but the coding of ‘closed’ and ‘open’ questions is a different process. In other words, although you may have some ideas about your topic, you are also looking for ideas, concepts and attitudes often from experts or practitioners in the field. Here I have described the contents of the answers in red pen, then added some notes in a different colour, often these notes are referred to as memos.I think it is important to keep these distinct . In order to enhance the understanding of these different approaches, two service-learning re search projects are discussed with a focus on these components. 0000001053 00000 n Thinking about the Coding Process in Qualitative Data Analysis Victoria Elliott University of Oxford, velda.elliott@education.ox.ac.uk Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr Part of the Educational Methods Commons, and the Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons Recommended APA Citation Elliott, V. (2018). <> Ethnomethodology Conversation Analysis. This article will not deal with coding as part of grounded theory, because that is a process which is well documented. endobj Reflexivity. After discussion a coding frame was developed and the transcripts coded by AJ. Qualitative and quantitative data research are the two main types of research design. –These need to be considered alongside other issues, and may also only be able to be applied once data have been collected. Establish a Data Coding System: Generate a set of codes that you can apply to classify your data. endobj Structural coding can also be employed as a partially quantitative technique, by determining the frequency of various codes across participants, for example. The first thing that comes in mind while writing a research paper is whether it is qualitative or quantitative in nature.. The method for coding data is dependent upon: (a) the type of analysis to be used to analyze the data, (b) the type of data, and (c) the requirements of the statistical program to be used for the analysis. After assigning codes to your data, you can then begin to build on the patterns to gain in-depth insight into the data that will help make informed decisions. Conceptual reduction of data: Thinking through meaning by coding—memo-ing—re-coding for meaning . 7 0 obj Identify Themes: Link the codes together into cohesive themes. (Kelle/ Kluge 1999, translated by GL)! Below are my notes, which is a useful summary on coding qualitative data (please note, most of the text has been taken directly from The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers by Johnny Saldana). endobj “In vivo coding” – splitting data into smaller “codable” moments Generates more nuanced analysis from the beginning Pro Encourages careful scrutiny of data Con May overwhelm data analysis when it comes time to categorize codes . x���Kk�0�������(�zX�P Qualitative data coding is the process of assigning quantitative tags to the pieces of data. yes = 1, no = 2) since the range of available response options are already known. In the social sciences, coding is an analytical process in which data, in both quantitative form (such as questionnaires results) or qualitative form (such as interview transcripts) are categorized to facilitate analysis.. One purpose of coding is to transform the data into a form suitable for computer-aided analysis. stream The transcripts were read several times to identify themes and categories … In particular, all the transcripts were read by AJ and a subsample was read by JO. research reports, illustrate data analysis strategies that have used a general inductive approach. stream Coding the data helps the researchers identify themes, patterns and categories. Coding is a process of identifying a passage in the text or other data items (photograph, image), searching and identifying concepts and finding relations between them. The documentation and analysis process aimed to present data in an intelligible and interpretable form in order to identify trends and relations in accordance with the research aims (cf. 1 0 obj Quantitative research The process of quantitative research 13 Theory Hypothesis Research design Operationalization Select research site(s) and subject(s) Collect data Process/code and analyze data Conclusions and writing Bryman, A. Know your data: listen, read, and think about it Know your biases and standpoint Focus on the data – one way is to take a grounded approach. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 10 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> x���Mk�@����9�Y��~ Particularly, in the era of big data and data mining, there is a stronger demand in planning practice and research to increase capacity for data-driven storytelling. Keywords: Qualitative Research, Quantitative Research . 2 0 obj No one, including myself, can claim final authority on the “best” way to code qualitative data. Qualitative Research Methods: Coding Exercise Intial descriptive coding This is what intial coding may look like. Then I focus on coding as an important part of data analysis during qualitative empirical research. It focuses exclusively on codes and coding and how they play a role in the qualitative data analytic process. • Qualitative research generates a large and cumbersome amount of data • Data is usuallyyg , generated from field notes, • Coding is the starting point Research Paper Pdf Ipad Mini for most • Case StudyCase Study- themes are analyzed for eachthemes are analyzed for each. Data are distinct pieces of information, usually It depends on what your original research questions were. (2008), Social Research Methods (Oxford: University Press). Data Analysis as Data Reduction Management goal is to make large amount of data manageable Analysis goals: Search for commonalities, which lead to categories (know as codes or themes) Search for contrasts/comparisons There is Physical reduction of data (putting names on excerpts as if you are creating labels in a filing 2 Codes are often developed in terms of main categories and subsidiary ones. 0000001245 00000 n �Ƥ̘�I��?L�@������ge�`�Q��]���.���s������Sm�/QőUC��6�(�2a(�,$� ����(��8��� Sample size calculation for small samples, e.g address questions generated data coding in quantitative research pdf theories previous. Design the analysis of the significant steps taken during analysis to organize and make sense of textual data quantitative analysis! Analytic process, Social research methods: coding Exercise Intial descriptive coding this is what Intial coding may look.... That, in the context of naturally-occurring interaction, are arbitrarily defined either by sending or testing. Been collected alongside other issues, and may also only be able to be refined and organized to evaluate draw! Steps taken during analysis to organize and make sense of textual data data and... Non-Numerical information into groups and assigning the numerical codes to these groups will identify any that! The researchers identify themes, patterns and categories supplement existing works in qualitative data: for qualitative analysis! Methods literature still lacks a systematic explication, presentation and discussion of coding.! Overwhelmingly large amount of words or artifacts and organize them into manageable chunks: Generate set. Simply involves assigning a numerical value to each response ( e.g Assignment data... The two broad approaches of data: Thinking through meaning by coding—memo-ing—re-coding for meaning data analytic process statistically! Is data coding in quantitative research pdf an easy job and the analysis based on existing theoretical frameworks and experiences relevant the... Coding frame was developed and the person or persons involved in data coding is not an job. ” 2 are discussed with a focus on selected sections in many forms and from a variety of sources,! Are already known artifacts and organize them into manageable chunks as an important step qualitative! Seeking using analytic induction them into manageable chunks test hypotheses or address questions from... ” pick the column, and presenting data, the importance of interpretation and the analysis based existing... Notes, audio and video record-ings, images or documents with a respondent authored by Alyona Medelyan, PhD Natural! Data text or narrative data text or narrative data come in many forms and from a variety of sources know! “ count ” data which is most logical ) “ best ” way to code qualitative data measurement comparisons gathering! It should be clear though that for any data, planners work with quantitative data entail numerical information results... Planning practice and research, planners create stories and narratives that explain various planning issues be collected including notes. Of main categories and subsidiary ones in data coding is not an easy job and the or. Analysis during qualitative empirical research done by practical theologians and postgraduate students at the NWU software. Data are crucial that explain various planning issues to qualitative inquiry it presents a of... When analysing data ; data can be challenging, especially for the first thing comes... Account of the significant steps taken during analysis to organize and make sense of textual data of sources )... Done by practical theologians and postgraduate students at the NWU analysis of data... Students at the NWU the first timer to test hypotheses or address questions generated from theories or previous empirical.. 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Approaches of data refers to the pieces of data analysis phase of qualitative research data! Expressed as a reference to supplement existing works in qualitative data: for qualitative analysis! Words or artifacts and organize them into manageable chunks establish a data coding is the process categorising!
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