Studying the use of mobile technology. For example, the continuous availability cited before can decrease work delays (quick access to information) which leads to increased organization. 529-563). The central aim of this paper is to give an overview of research on the impact of e-mail provided by personal computers and smart mobile devices on work using the JD-R model as a framework. Delay of gratification in Rubinstein and colleagues (2001) have examined the time cost implications of task familiarity and complexity in task switching. White, M., & Dorman, S. M. (2000). This effect can be explained in the expectations of the sender that the news (s)he is going to deliver can be psychologically unpleasant for both the receiver and the sender (e.g., Maynard, 1996; Tesser & Rosen, 1975). Walther, J. Rood, S. (2005). However, the shift towards online communication has not only brought good things in organizational life. Additionally, not every message recipient experiences incoming messages as an interruption (Jett & George, 2003; Markus, 1996). Daantje Derks In the section handling egocentrism in e-mail we have seen what may be the consequences of egocentrism in terms of miscommunication and increased stress levels. This flexibility gives individual workers the opportunity to realize a better work-life balance (Rood, 2005; Taylor, 2003). exacerbating elements of email communication. Obviously, as with every new innovative technology there are advantages and disadvantages in using it. Sussman, S. W., & Sproull, L. (1999). In. Furthermore, communicating strictly online in a formal business setting might make it more difficult to express your own emotion which may be stressful (Mann, 1998). When e-mail was introduced on the work floor, it not only replaced part of the F2F communication but it also generated an increase in communication overall (Contractor & Eisenberg, 1990; Culnan & Markus, 1987). (2002a). verbal expression of emotion and the interrelationships among emotion job. Expectations of always availability can normalize into the notion that employees should be online and accountable to others at any time and place (Green, 2001). Taylor, P. (2003). In other words, in estimating how the receiver will interpret our message, we take our self as the main reference point. Current directions in psychological science, 7, 46-50. The Linked In (a business-oriented social networking site) profile needs an update, one has to respond to messages on t… Employees are increasingly becoming multi media experts and seem to know quite well which medium is appropriate for what message. For one thing, because everything has to be typed there is time to read over the message before it is submitted. If employers are aware of the disadvantages of working mobile for the employee, they can take action to minimize these effects. information: The mum effect. The American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120. Communication Networks in Everyday Life File sharing: Multimedia. ), Research in Organizational Behavior, 12 (pp. The results showed that individuals using CMC to deliver negative feedback distorted it to a lesser extent than individuals communicating F2F. productivity of mobile knowledge workers: An evaluation of a handheld wireless device. Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A Electronic mail and Technology in itself is neither a demand nor a resource; it is how we deal with it. Work-family conflict: A comparison Research commentary: The next wave of This decline in volume might suggest that e-mail is more efficient in communication (see also, Rice & Case, 1983). It is obvious that it has enriched and facilitated business today in a sense that is easy to exchange information by e-mail with other people regardless of time and location. Technology can generate information far more faster than most people can process it. Social influence: Compliance and We included studies that (1) handled the subject of e-mail communication in general, (2) had an interaction setting, preferably a focus on organizational communication, (3) had a focus on mobile technology, and (4) were identifiable as organizational psychological, social psychological and behavioral in nature. Sussman and Sproull (1999) experimentally tested the influence of media choice (F2F, telephone, synchronous CMC) on feedback (positive or negative). E-mail is no longer just a tool to communicate over long distance. (2001). The egocentric basis of Family life has always been greatly affected by technology. As a consequence people often find themselves unable to cope with an increasing amount of information (Chan, 2001). Altogether, we can conclude that there is no straightforward answer to the question what the impact of (mobile) e-mail communication on organizational life is. The However, the costs of e-mail are disproportionally loaded on the recipient who engages in continuous activity switching between e-mail and other tasks (Renaud, Ramsay, & Hair, 2006). Epley, N., Keysar, B., Van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2004). From 1980 to present day the advancement in technology has changed how families interact with each other and how household duties are done. Business deals are closed by e-mail, and a major part of the communication even with colleagues in close proximity takes place online (Renaud, Ramsay, & Hair, 2006). A growing body of evidence states that when individuals try to anticipate on the perspective, thoughts, and/or feelings of someone else, they use themselves as the main reference point (Kruger et al., 2005). Research has indeed indicated that mobile tools can lead to increased productivity (Baron, 2005; Edwards, 2002; Locke, 2005) and to enhanced collaboration (Baron, 2005). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 568-581. Here we discuss about the classification of electronic communication. The key terms used in the search were quite diverse because the single terms on e-mail communication and organizational life were not sufficient to collect all relevant studies. Orlikowski, W. J. In the light of the JD-R model, task variety, as a resource, can also be linked to positive outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 211-222. Markus, M. L. (1994). Manger, T., Wicklund, R. A., & Eikeland, O. When the server at work is down for a day, we realize how dependent we have become on the computer and how handicapped we are in our work without access to the Internet. Moreover, particular the impact of mobile devices on work is a relatively new research field, and the empirical studies handling this issue are relatively few. This theory explicitly rejects that the absence of nonverbal cues restricts the interactants’ capability to exchange individuating information. Brown, N. In addition, job resources become salient and have the greatest impact on engagement and performance when job demands are high (Bakker et al., 2007; Hakanen, Bakker, & Demerouti, 2005). Clark, H. H. (1996). Coleman, J. S. (1988). The ability to stay connected expands into new settings and challenges regarding expectations of availability, responsiveness and coordination (Mazmanian, Orlikowski, & Yates, 2006). A., & Brauburger, A. L. (2002). Delays and interruptions: A self- Higgins, C., & Duxbury, L. (2005). 19-31). Jett, Q. R., & George, J. Impact Of Technology On Communication Technology has altered man’s lifestyle and is continuing to make changes too. Anytime/anyplace computing and the future of knowledge Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 332-346. The fact that the “how things are said part” is missing in regular e-mail communication, is not without consequences. can we communicate as well as we think? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. In B. Bälter, O. Especially in comparison with regular mail, e-mail messages tend to be shallower and more reactive (Bertacco & Deponte, 2005). The effect of social presence on the facial and Straight talk: Delivering bad news London: Springer. You’ve got e-mail… Shall I deal The problem is not actually with the presence of technological advancements, but the way in which we dealt them with, had … in organizational communication. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. This is known as the cues-filtered out approach (e.g., Culnan & Markus, 1987; Kiesler, Siegel, & McGuire, 1984; Sproull & Kiesler, 1986). Besides these key terms we also used combinations of key terms in our search. And employers have been reaping the benefits. In. Taken together, we can conclude that e-mail communication in itself is neither a demand nor a resource. Communication has been defined as “the transmission of information and meaning from one individual or group to another” (Guffey and Almonte, 2010, p.6). The implications of being “mobile” are discussed in the next section. �%ԻlM�inH��~���x����F�כ�0Z�8�� �`���FS�y��. A new development in digital media is the increasing use of smart phones in business today. ), Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance (pp. causes. Social psychological aspects of The reluctance to transmit bad news. Galuppe, R. B., Dennis, A. R., Cooper, W. H., Valacich, J. S., Nunamaker, J. F., Time & Society, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 925-936. This pressure can turn into a continuing demand for the recipient. Recovery as an explanatory For example, feedback on performance is considered an important resource for the receiver because it is a first step to improvement and personal development (Bakker et al., 2003). In B. Electronic mail from a recipient’s perspective. Furthermore, we tried to explore the possible setbacks of (mobile) e-mail use with increasing demands and a depletion of energy as a result. of the ACM, 40, 11-15. In other words, the increased autonomy comes at cost of the shifting expectations of availability escalating the commitment to stay connected. Maynard, D. W. (1996). In the subsequent section we will discuss the history of e-mail communication in general. ), Handbook of interpersonal communication (3rd ed., pp. Tele-workers report social isolation, reduction in affective bonds with colleagues and lack of social support as major disadvantages of their status (Mann et al., 2000). Rosen, S., & Tesser, A. Organ, D. W. (1990). Additionally, the communication process involves two sides, a sender and a receiver. Writing down emotional messages changes the intensity of the emotion because there is time to read over the text and reflect one’s emotional state (Fisher, in press). Berghel, H. (1997). New York and London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Their research examined the use of wireless devices by senior officers in the West Yorkshire Police. This can lead to awkward situations. A major reason for this is the increased frequency of communication through texting and chatting on websites. Swedish Library Research, 3, 25-41. Walther’s (1992) Social Information Processing (SIP) theory formalizes the latter position. Finding time: How corporations, individuals, and families IT help is wanted. Achieving frontline communication excellence: the cost to © 2007-2020 Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace | ISSN: 1802-7962 | Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University |, The Impact of E-mail Communication on Organizational Life, https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4233/3277, http://InformationR.net/ir/10-2/paper227.html, http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue3/bertacco.html. McKenna, K. Y. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591-621. The JD-R model states that particularly the combination of losing control and experiencing a higher workload because of the large amounts of information one has to deal with can be detrimental for both health and performance. Journal of Chan, S. U. Doubleday. (2005). In M. L. Knapp, J. ... Email is now the primary means of communication in the modern workplace. Psychology and Health, 16, 595-606. Work-home interference is positively related to time spent on work in the evening. Atheism, sex and databases: The Net as a social Thus, we will use research to show which aspects of e-mail communication can be considered as demands and resources, and hence complicate or facilitate our working life. new media in organizations. It is evident that e-mail communication plays a significant role in our daily work life. Especially in customer service which increasingly takes place online, it can be a reason for losing customers without knowing why. Kruger and colleagues set up five experiments to examine to what extent participants overestimated their ability to communicate over e-mail. ), Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance (pp. Let me count the ways. Spreading the load: mobile information and There is evidence that e-mail encourages people to communicate more (Bälter, 1998) and is critical for success in business (Vile & Collins, 2004). For example, it might be easier to regulate our own emotions. Nickerson, R. S. (2001). Duxbury, L., Higgins, C., & Lee, C. (1994). The accelerated development of computer technology and electronic communications equipment was also considered as a means of overcoming information barriers between societies. In view of the fact that e-mail facilitates workers to be separated in time and place, the likelihood that colleagues spend time together at one place is decreasing. American Psychologist, 39, 1123-1134. But not only communication technology has made it easier, but faster too. B., & Tidwell, L. C. (1995). In contrast, job demands that are too high or have a chronic character may exhaust employees leading to a depletion of energy and accompanying health problems, including job burnout (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2000; Leiter, 1993; Lewig, Xanthopoulou, Bakker, Dollard, & Metzer, 2007). The benefits of e-mail are quite obvious for the sender. Some argue that online communication has an overall negative effect on relationships. The impact of vacation and job stress on First, the problem remains that the rather formal setting of business communication does not lend itself for the use of emoticons, which are interpreted as informal and in some cases as incorrect. Keysar, B. time: A situated change perpective. The motivational basis of organizational citizenship Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 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