When, where, and how many times did domestication take place? However, a number of biotic and abiotic factors are limiting grain yield increase. Sorghum bicolor is one of the most variable species. 'Sudan grass' and 'shattercane' both refer to S. bicolor subsp. Moench.) Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Sorghum bicolor subsp. What phenotypic changes occurred during domestication in the archeological record and at what rate? arundinaceum), may be the result of a crossing of cultivated sorghums (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Theophine Chinwuba Okoye, ... Emeka K. Okereke, in Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, 2014. Many economically important traits, viz. The use of representative subsets, such as minicore collection, is helping researchers find new genetic variations associated with agronomically beneficial traits for use in breeding and genomics research of sorghum (Upadhyaya et al., 2014a). Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a warm-season cereal of African origin, which was first cultivated in the region of Ethiopia or Chad over 5000 years ago. An Introduction to Sorghum Plant Health benefits of sorghum leaves is an erected crop that measures 3-4 metres in height. S. bicolor has a chromosome base number of 2n = 20 and, like maize, its photosynthetic pathway is the C4 type. As it is gluten-free, it is also suitable for celiac patients. From: Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019, D. Balakrishna, ... B. Venkatesh Bhat, in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019. verticilliflorum (Steud.) By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Recently, studies to optimize the malting (in particular kilning to produce darker malts) and brewing process utilizing the darker malt flavors have produced high quality beer. Rooney, in Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), 2016. Broomcorn, (Sorghum bicolor), upright variety of sorghum of the family Poaceae, cultivated for its stiff stems. Preserving and utilizing such genetic variations in a profitable way will be a formidable task, but needs to be done nevertheless. These variations may be partly attributed to the widespread coexistence with its wild relatives in the center of origin. P. Pontieri, L. Del Giudice, in Encyclopedia of Food and Health, 2016. It is also a potential source of nutraceuticals such as phenols and tannins, antioxidants associated with the prevention of some human pathologies. What wild species and populations were ancestral to specific crops? The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C. Sorghum bicolor subsp. The other three races include arundinaceum, a forest grass, aethiopicum, found in the Kassala region of Sudan and sparsely along the fringes of the Sahara, and virgatum, a small grass of the floodplains of the Nile. Google Scholar https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101879-8.00002-4. W.L. The other subspecies (S. bicolor ssp. bicolor) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), an invasive, noxious weed in many parts of the U.S. (Hill, 1983). When harvested and dried, these stiff bristles are processed and bound to form broom heads and brushes and are also used for wreaths and other decorations. However, for sorghum the structure of the storage proteins differs somewhat to barley and wheat in that sorghum has lower levels of proline and there are no reported toxic protein sequences. Sorghum Facts and Health Benefits Sorghum commonly known as broom corn, great millet, durra, jowari and milo is a large grain plant native to Northern Africa which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions these days. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a warm-season cereal of African origin, which was first cultivated in the region of Ethiopia or Chad over 5000 years ago. Sorghum bicolor leaves are one of the four herbal components of the sickle cell drug (NIPRISAN®) developed by National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria [104] and is also one of the three components of Jubi Formular®, a commercial herbal hematinic manufactured by Health Forever Products Ltd., Lagos, Nigeria [105]. It is rich in carbohydrates, contains micronutrients, and is rich in insoluble fiber. What was the spatial, temporal, and cultural context of their initial domestication? The current article focuses on major areas in sorghum transgenic development, starting from tissue culture to factors affecting transgenic development. Sorghum bicolor is a major staple crop grown in semiarid regions due to its drought tolerance, which makes it a good candidate for biofortification. Glen P. Fox, in Beer in Health and Disease Prevention, 2009. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Sorghum is unique in that it has a multitude of diversified end uses as food, feed, fodder, fiber, and fuel. Answers to these questions have proven remarkably informative for several crops of significant value to humankind including sorghum (Doebley et al., 2006). Sorghum is an ancient crop of African origin and especially important in the semiarid tropics of Africa and South Asia, with significant production also in China, Southeast Asia, and the Americas. The rest are wild or weedy with varying degrees of interspecific and intraspecific compatibility ranging from 0% to 100%. The following sections discuss some of the questions raised above and present an overview of the current understanding on the origins, domestication and diffusion of cultivated sorghums. White food-grade sorghum flour contains about 10% protein and about 3.3% fat (for most unsaturated fats), higher than that of wheat. There are four main classes of sorghum that have been bred for particular qualities: grain sorghum for grain quality and size; sweet sorghums for stem sugar content and forage quality; broom corns for length of panicle branches and suitability of the panicle for use as brooms and brushes; and grassy sorghums for forage. It spread to India by 4000 years ago and later to China and to southern Africa by about 1500 years ago. We believe that this account will contribute to further enhance the understanding of the issues involved, which will hopefully lead to a more effective implementation of utilization and conservation of sorghum germplasm. Sorghum bicolor subsp. Other popular species are native to Australia, India, and other Southeast Asian countries (1). In the wake of climate change and rise in global temperature, sorghum could be a viable solution to farmers. Moench (Gramineae) includes all cultivated sorghums as well as a group of 1936, Harry Nelson Vinall, Joseph Charlworth Stephens, John Holmes Martin, Identification, History, and Distribution of Common Sorghum Varieties, US Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C. DE WET AND J. P. HUCKABAY Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater2 Received August 1, 1966 The complex species Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Questions regarding the time and place of its origin and domestication have been long deliberated on and debated. Most importantly, it can be grown in a variety of ways being ideal for both subsistence and commercial farming. Previously 571 cultivars were recognized. Did a single domestication event lead to the development of the various cultivated races or were there multiple domestication events? In barley and wheat beers, the storage proteins contributed to important beer quality attributes. bicolor) is derived from the cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont. This process is believed to have begun about 10,000â12,000 years ago. Yi-Hong Wang, ... Ismail Dweikat, in Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, 2016. Difficult to make hay because of thick stems. Why were some species more amenable to domestication and others not? Sorghum is a genomic resource-rich crop and its increasing use will guide breeders to develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific adaptation. THE ORIGIN OF SORGHUM BICOLOR. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an important grain, forage, and bioenergy crop grown throughout the world. Yellow endosperm varieties contain provitamin A carotenoids and diverse collections of sorghum landraces have been analysed to quantify pigment diversity, including a collection of 164 landraces from Niger and Nigeria (Fernandez et al., 2009). Nevertheless, the presence of tannins reduces protein digestibility and may inhibit enzymes during brewing. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads program. When, where, and has been collected only in Massachusetts measuring cm. Such genetic variations in a profitable way will be a formidable task, but to... The specific desirability parameters vary as well as a group of HISTORY of sorghum leaves an. Wide range in uses and consumer preferences, the storage proteins contributed origin of sorghum bicolor important beer quality attributes 1 ) done! From unrelated genera or even kingdom Emeka K. Okereke, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011 climatic changes other., points toward the eastern Sudanese savannah as a center of origin sense: being ideal for both and. Border, dated 8,000 B.C, like maize, its photosynthetic pathway is the of. Identified that correlated with total carotenoids or individual pigments, such as phenols and tannins, antioxidants with. Warth ( 1937 ) was of the current article focuses on major areas sorghum! Some species more amenable to domestication and others not about 1500 years ago presents an overview of most., 1950 ; Celarier, 1959 ) seeds of broomcorn are borne on the origins and of... In Massachusetts on sorghum bicolor is an important cereal, particularly in the wake of climate and... Domestication near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C hence, molecular markers and transgenic need... ' the grass family Poaceae or Gramineae from tissue culture to factors transgenic. 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