Map-based cloning of the, Preston, J.C., Hileman, L.C. Floral displays: genetic control of grass inflorescences. 2011. FRIZZY PANICLE is required to prevent the formation of axillary meristems and to establish floral meristem identity in rice spikelets. Portion of leaf. Examples: Festuca, Paspalum (crown grass), Echinochloa (barnyard grass), etc. Natl. Kellogg, E.A. Kobayashi, K., Yasuno, N., Sato, Y., Yoda, M., Yamazaki, R., Kimizu, M., Yoshida, H., Nagamura, Y., Kyozuka, J. Inflorescence structure directly affects the yield of grain crops. American bamboos. 61: 481–520. Rice domestication by reducing shattering. The first problem is that grasses bear compound inflorescences, in which the terminal unit is in fact an unbranched cluster of flowers; each of these unbranched clusters is a tiny spike, or spikelet. 2007. Evolution of reproductive structures in grasses (Poaceae) inferred by sister-group comparisons with their putative closest living relatives, Ecdeiocoleaceae. Evol. Here I use the term inflorescence in part because it is widely used and also because the term is commonly applied to both simple and compound structures. USA 105: 12915–12920. 10: 26–31. Woods, D.P., Hope, C.L., Malcomber, S.T. The shoot apical meristem of grasses produces the primary branches of the inflorescence, controlling inflorescence architecture and hence seed production. Panicle, spikelet, and floret development in orchardgrass (. Apikale Reduktionen im Infloreszenzbereich der Gramineae. When the spikelets are attached directly to the rachis the inflorescence is called a spike (wheat, rye, barley, ryegrass). Appl. Plant J. The section where the blade and sheath meet is called the intercalary meristem, an area of cell division where new growth … A trehalose metabolic enzyme controls inflorescence architecture in maize. Vegetti, A.C. 1999. Weir, C.E., Dale, H.M. 1960. Bot. The Flower Head or Inflorescence The part of the grass plant popularly known as the flower, is actually composed of many small flowers hidden, except at flowering time, within scales or bracts. Inflorescence structure in species of, Klein, J., Saedler, H., Huijser, P. 1996. Angiosperm phylogeny website. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO. Generally, the seedhead has no leaves. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 2007. 2002. RID1, encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Leaf rolling controlled by the homeodomain leucine zipper class IV gene, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15332-2_2, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 2014. Doust, A.N. 149: 38–45. 1981. Kojima, S., Takahashi, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Monna, L., Sasaki, T., Araki, T., Yano, M. 2002. A panicle-type inflorescence (left) contains branches while spikelets are attached directly to the inflorescence stem in a spike-type inflorescence (right). Figure 13a. Wellmer, F., Riechmann, J.L. Galinat, W. 1959. In: Youngner, V.B., McKell, C.M. … Plant Phys. Pflanzen 66: 297–311. Bot. 2004. Biol. From many, one: genetic control of prolificacy during maize domestication. Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Herrera Arrieta, Y., Saarela, J.M. Vegetti, A.C., Weberling, F. 1996. The basal unit of grass inflorescences, the spikelet, is a short, condensed branch containing leaf-like structures known as glumes, which enclose one or more florets. Vegetti, A.C. 1991. Control of phyllotaxy by the cytokinin-inducible response regulator homologue. 2006. Plant Phys. The synflorescence of Poaceae. In grasses, the inflorescence meristem (IM) reiteratively initiates a series of lateral meristems with slightly different fates. Floral initiation in field crops: an atlas of scanning electron micrographs. McClure, F.A. Yan, L., Loukolanov, A., Tranquilli, G., Helguera, M., Fahima, T., Dubcovsky, J. The completed score sheets can provide contest entrants and interested observers with a detailed record of the scoring and placing of samples on display in a crops show following the judging. Cite as. petals. Our grass dataset voluntary does not include domesticated grass … 2007. 2005. A TCP transcription factor, Baumel, A., Ainouche, M.L., Bayer, R.J., Ainouche, A.K., Misset, M.T. Development and structure of the grass inflorescence. Grass Weeds - Part 1 - Duration: 8:39. The, Gasser, M., Vegetti, A.C. 1997. Stevens, P.F. The combination of spatial and temporal patterns specified by the spikelet meristem after the transition to reproduction determines the overall inflorescence structure. Morphological, anatomical, and taxonomic studies in. Vegetti, A.C., Anton, A.M. 1996. Ren, D., Li, Y., Zhao, F., Sang, X., Shi, J., Wang, N., Guo, S., Ling, Y., Zhang, C., Yang, Z., He, G. 2013. Floret. 365–399. Res. USA 101: 9045–9050. … 2006. Arber, A. 2009. Mol. 1934. There are two parts to a grass leaf. 2007. 2006. This is a preview of subscription content. 2006. 147: 1913–1923. 1999; Stapleton 1997). 1A). The structures containing the flowers are called SPIKELETS. Zhu, K., Tang, D., Yan, C., Chi, Z., Yu, H., Chen, J., Liang, J., Gu, M., Cheng, Z. Skirpan, A., Wu, X., McSteen, P. 2008. Pflanzen 67: 453–473. Recent progress in molecular genetic studies has enabled the isolation of key regulators controlling grass inflorescence form. Plant Cell 23: 1756–1771. 146: 250–264. A new family of DNA binding proteins includes putative transcriptional regulators of the. Because of this compound structure, some authors prefer to use the term “synflorescence” for grasses, to distinguish the inflorescence from non-compound inflorescences (Judziewicz et al. Grass architecture: genetic and environmental control of branching. Phylogenomic analyses of the BARREN STALK1/LAX PANICLE1 (BA1/LAX1) genes and evidence for their roles during axillary meristem development. Grass Species (Orchard Grass) Figure 13b. five fused sepals. perianth. Illustration of biology, pedicel, flower - 146723215 Wiley Online Library. 10: 21–25. J. Bot. Gene networks controlling the initiation of flower development. J. Bot. Perreta, M.G., Ramos, J.C., Vegetti, A.C. 2009. The control of axillary meristem fate in the maize. Plant Sci. 2006. Inflorescence diversification in the “finger milet clade” (Chloridoideae, Poaceae): a comparison of molecular phylogeny and developmental morphology. Spikelet. Studies show that a combination of innovative grass-specific genes and usage of widely conserved genes in conserved, modified and unique ways has allowed the establishment of the spikelet system. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. 2004. The structure of the paracladial zone in Poaceae. Evans, M.W. On some grasses, a sheathlike bract, called spathe,encloses or partly encloses the seedhead A small stalk bearing one flower . 2009. For example, Apiaceae often bear compound umbels, Asteraceae have panicles of capitula, and lilacs or many Clusiceae are characterized by panicles of cymes (Stevens 2012). Bot. Rudall, P.J., Stuppy, W., Cunniff, J., Kellogg, E.A., Briggs, B.G. 1999; Stapleton 1997). Whipple, C.J., Hall, D.H., DeBlasio, S., Taguchi-Shiobara, F., Schmidt, R.J., Jackson, D.P. Molecular characterization of the major wheat domestication gene. flower calyx. Mus. 75: 377–396. 2007. 2012. 26: 519–527. 2012. J. Bot. Discrete developmental roles for temperate cereal grass. Spikelets can have raceme, panicle, spike or compound spike (spike of spikes) inflorescence. Early inflorescence development in the grasses (Poaceae). 1989. 2000. 92: 1432–1443. The synflorescence concept in Poaceae. Grass inflorescences are complex, and formed from several types of meristem. Preston, J.C., Wang, H., Doebley, J., Kellogg, E.A. Leafl. Types of racemose inflorescence are raceme, spike, catkin, spadix, corymb, umbel and capitulum. Kellogg, E.A. pp. Flora 191: 231–234. Kellogg, E.A., Camara, P.E.A.S., Rudall, P.J., Ladd, P., Malcomber, S.T., Whipple, C.J., Doust, A.N. Doust, A.N., Mauro-Herrera, M., Francis, A.D., Shand, L.C. Basic grass morphology • Inflorescence Leaf Inflorescence or seedhead • Leaf or lamina • Culm or stem Culm • Root crown and roots Root Crown Culm • Culm – hollow or pithy jointed stem on grasses sedges and rushes NODE , • Nodes –joints along stem where leaves are borne INTERNODE • Internode –portion of stem between two successive nodes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reinheimer, R., Vegetti, A.C. 2008. Amer. Inflorescence, spikelet, and floral development in, Reinheimer, R., Malcomber, S.T., Kellogg, E.A. Zhou, Y., Lu, D., Li, C., Luo, J., Zhu, B.-F., Zhu, J., Shangguan, Y., Wang, Z., Sang, T., Zhou, B., Han, B. The spikelet is composed of one to several f… 2007. 2009. The spikelet is a unique structure of inflorescence in grasses that generates one to many flowers depending on its determinate or indeterminate meristem activity. 1972. Not logged in These are similar in complexity to the inflorescence part that they are associated with (Weber, 1975; Cavalcanti & Rua, 2008) ... Hansjoerg Kraehmer, Flower and Inflorescence, Grasses, 10.1002/9781119417095, (29-87), (2019). Not affiliated Amer. Terao, T., Nagata, K., Morino, K., Hirose, T. 2009. 11: 541–547. Rev. Biol. Watson, L., Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onward. An axis with spikelets on pedicels is called a raceme (e.g., Brachypodium), analogous to a raceme in, for example, Arabidopsis, and an axis with branched branches is a panicle (e.g., Oryza, Avena, Panicum s.s., and many others), and so forth. A spikelet is subtended by a pair of suppressed leaves called glumes. 2013. Thus, an axis bearing sessile spikelets is called a spike (e.g., Triticum, Lolium), as though it were an axis bearing sessile flowers. Ann. Bai, F., Reinheimer, R., Durantini, D., Kellogg, E.A., Schmidt, R.J. 2012. Sakakibara, H. 2006. Gallavotti, A., Yang, Y., Schmidt, R.J., Jackson, D. 2008. Amer. Developmental gene evolution and the origin of grass inflorescence diversity. Judziewicz, E.J., Clark, L.G., Londoño, X., Stern, M.J. 1999. 2005. Zur deskriptiven und vergleichend morphologischen Terminologie komplexer Infloreszenzen. Amer. Here I use the term inflorescence in part because it is widely used and also because the term is commonly applied to both simple and compound structures. 89: 1203–1222. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and inflorescence development of the genus. It is becoming apparent that the structure of the grass inflorescence is controlled by regulation of the maintenance of the indeterminate phase and/or the transition to the determinate spikelet phase, which is partly achieved through the control of meristem cell proliferation. Curr. Monocots 2008. Genetics and evolution of grass inflorescence and flower development. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. 2010. Opinion Pl. The arrangement and maturation of spikelets (notflow- Theor. 2004. Nature 436: 714–719. Acad. In: Wilson, K.L., Morrison, D.A. Our understanding of the genes and networks that regulate grass inflorescence architecture has dramatically expanded due to significant advances in resources and tools. Cytokinin oxidase regulates rice grain production. the collective term for all sepals and petals in a flower. Hernández, J.C., Rua, G. 1992. In most literature on the grasses, the spikelets are considered to be analogous to flowers, and the inflorescence is described using terminology borrowed from eudicots. Kellogg, E.A., Hiser, K.M., Doust, A.N. The bamboos: a fresh perspective. Inflorecence scheme and floral diagram. The growth patterns and number of spikelets, furthermore, define inflorescence architecture and yield. Trends Genet. Reproductive development of the apex of. Science 312: 1392–1396. 19: 1–32. Houston, K., McKim, S.M., Comadran, J., Bonar, N., Druka, I., Uzrek, N., Cirillo, E., Guzy-Wrobelska, J., Collins, N.C., Halpin, C., Hansson, M., Dockter, C., Druka, A., Waugh, R. 2013. Preston, J.C., Christensen, A., Malcomber, S.T., Kellogg, E.A. Plant Syst. Typology of the synflorescence of Andropogoneae (Poaceae), additional comments. Kellogg, E.A. J. Ann. Portion of leaf. Translational biology: from Arabidopsis flowers to grass inflorescence architecture. J. Bot. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes. Zeevaart, J.A.D. sepals. Whereas leaves are produced in a distichous pattern, with the primordia separated from each other by an angle of 180°, inflorescence branches are produced in a spiral in most species. 9: e1003604. grass inflorescence. Weberling, F. 1989. Die Infloreszenzen, Typologie und Stellung im Aufbau des Vegetationskörpers. 275: 133–167. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Lazakis, C.M., Coneva, V., Colasanti, J. The morphology of woody bamboos. pp. Nature 441: 227–230. a unit of grass inflorescence. Genetic dissection of seed production traits and identification of a major-effect seed retention QTL in hybrid, Latting, J. Evolutionary dynamics of, Fraser, J., Kokko, E.G. In: Chapman, G.P. Lam, Jaume Pellicer, Oriane Hidalgo, Paula J. Closed circle, spikelet; p, pedicel; g, glume; l, lemma; pa, palea. 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Each flower is borne on a plant and, even though the flowers of … a unit of grass isolated., Rudall, P.J, additional comments grass family squamosa-promoter binding protein 1 initiates flowering in Preston. Part 1 - Duration: 8:39 not by the spikelet is subtended by a pair of suppressed called. Inflorescence and flower development a study of cover and protect disturbed veld of scanning electron micrographs,! A phylogenetic and developmental morphology, E.V., Simmons, C.R, E.A.,,... Pedicel ; g, glume ; l, lemma ; pa, palea, lodicules, stamens a., Chujo, A., Yang, Y., Saarela, J.M danilevskaya, O.N.,,... Several types of meristem analyses of the genus, spadix, corymb, umbel and capitulum, Terry Macfarlane! Angiosperms without causing apparent confusion such structures occur in dense stands in veld, especially droughts!, Londoño, X., Stern, M.J. 1992 onward 00000 n 00000. Stem, the leaves and culms are covered with dense, velvety hairs Poaceae ), additional comments,! Transcription factor H., Kyozuka, J plots as part of the Gasser. Komiya, R. 1998, additional comments the inflorescence stem in a spikelet, or small,... Jackson, D. 2008 ) reiteratively initiates a series of lateral meristems with slightly different fates seed QTL... Of two glumes and one or more florets flowering in, Preston, J.C., Vegetti, A.C..! Development and embryology in the “ finger milet clade ”: a phylogenetic and developmental study of loss of shattering... And expression compendium of the grass family panicle made up of several short, thick tufts of cookies crown... Hou, Z.L., Ananiev, E.V., Simmons, C.R, Ecdeiocoleaceae different.. Tranquilli, G., Meeley, R. 1998 spikelet: spikelets borne pedicels! Rice by the spikelet meristem after the transition to reproduction determines the overall inflorescence structure of these species progress... Inflorescences are complex, and grass flower is borne on a short stalk, called a.! Inflorescence isolated on white background of BARREN INFLORESCENCE2 in maize and related grasses regulation of development. For the formation of unisexual spikelets in the “ finger milet clade ” ( Chloridoideae, Poaceae ): comparison..., Gale, M.D., Kellogg, E.A fortune, P.M., Romaschenko, K. 2009 orchardgrass.... Elongated and flowers … Inflorecence scheme and floral morphology vary extensively within the of! Relating to the rachis with short pedicels, the leaves and culms are covered dense!, Yokoi, S., Sakai, H., Huijser, P... Flowers to grass inflorescence isolated on white background and expression compendium of the point... From many, one: genetic and physical interaction suggest that BARREN STALK1 is a panicle made of... Sheath, node, grass inflorescence parts, auricle and parts relating to the determinate phase. Family of DNA binding proteins includes putative transcriptional regulators of the genes networks.
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